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ePaper created 2015-03-31, 06:46:07 | version 1.33.0
jif{ #@ cÍ $(, @)&! ;fn r}t !^ ut] ;f]daf/ # a]lytL otfptfsf ;dfrf/ e|i6uf}tdnfO{5'6fpg8LP;kLx¿sf]u'xf/ sf7df8f}+ . PgcfO8L;L Soflk6n dfs]{6af6 sd;n lwtf] /fvL !% s/f]8 C0f lnPsf] cf/f]kdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf a}+lsª s;'/sf] d'2f rln/x]sf cltly kf6L{ Kofn]; dxf/fhu+h rqmkysf ;+rfns /Tgk|;fb uf}tdnfO{ g]kfn k|x/Lsf] s]Gb|Lo cg';Gwfg Ao"/f]-;LcfO{aL_n] k'gM kqmfp u/]kl5 dxfgu/Lo k|x/L a[Q dxf/fhu+hdf k|d'v ;fg'/fd e§/fO{ nufotsf k|x/L xflsdx¿ uf}tdnfO{ 5'6fpg] bf}8w"kdf nfu]sf] ;|F]tn] atfof] . o;cl3 !% s/f]8 shf{ sdhf]/ lwtf] /fvL k|jfx ug]{ Soflk6n dfs]{6sf k"j{sfo{sf/L clws[t;lxt ;a} lj?4 ;LcfOaLn] cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . uf}tdn] PgcfO8L;L / Soflk6n dfs]{6af6 yk C0f lng] qmddf clgoldttf u/]sf] e]l6Pkl5 k'gM kqmfp u/]sfn] k'gM kqmfp ug'{k/]sf] k|x/L ;|F]tn] atfof] . ;LcfOaLn] uf}tdnfO{ kqmfp ugf{;fy pgsf] d'2f sdhf]/ agfP/ l56f] k]z u/fpg] rnv]ndf dxf/fhu+h k|x/L a[Qsf] k|d'v /lx;s]sf / xfn lqe'jg ljdfg:yn ;'/Iff9uf8{-Pokf]6{_ df sfo{/t ljgf]b l3ld/], xfn kf]v/f u0fsf P;kL z/b vqL, P;kL a9'jf x'g g;s]sf 8LP;kL bLks yfkfx¿ ;lqmo ePsf 5g\ . kf“r ?k}of“sf] l6s6 6f“;L /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefudf hflu/ vfO{ h:s]nfaf6 v'daxfb'/ v8\sfsf] cfzLjf{bdf g]kfn k|x/Ldf k|j]z u/]sf 8LP;kL ljgf]b l3ld/] ;a}eGbf a9L uf}tdnfO{ 5'6fpg bf}8w"k ul//x]sf] atfOG5 . 8LP;kL l3ld/] / uf}tdn] k|foM u}/Lwf/fsf] Pln; /]i6'/]G6df a;L of]hgf agfpg] u/]sf lyP . Soflk6n dfs]{6af6 sd;n lwtf] /fvL C0f lng] /Tg uf}tdsf] cltly kf6L{ Kofn];df 8g rqm] ldngsf ;xof]uLx¿ a:g] vfg] / dxf/fhuh j[Qdf hf] xflsd kl/jt{g eP klg sf];]nLkft / gub lbP/ k|efjdf kf/L s]; ldnfpg] aLrf}lnofsf] e"ldsf ;d]t uf}tdn] v]Nb}cfPsf lyP . j[Qsf OG:k]S6/b]lv d'2fsf k|x/LnfO{ ;d]t sf];]nL / gub lbP/ pgn] sfd kmQ] u/fp“b}cfPsf lyP . ;|F]tsf cg';f/ dxf/fhu+h 6«flkmssf OGrfh{;d]t pgsf] a;df /xg] u/]sf lyP . Soflk6n dfs]{6af6 shf{ k|jfxdf clgoldttf ug]{ Soflk6n dfs]{6sf k"j{sfo{sf/L clws[t v'daxfb'/ /fgf, shf{ ljefu k|d'v dLgf >]i7 / d"Nof+sgstf{ k|df]baxfb'/ yfkfnfO{ @)&) d+l;/ !$ ut] g} ;LcfOaLn] kqmfp u/]sf] lyof] eg] . uf}td @)&) d+l;/ @% ut] kqmfp k/]sf lyP . lqljsfe|i6u'?sf]o;/Leof]kbf{kmf; sf7df8f}+ . lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIffzf:q ;+sfosf ;xfos 8Lg g]q lwtfnn] lq=lj= ;]jf cfof]udf a'emfPsf] z}lIfs k|df0fkq klg gSsnL /x]sf] v'nf;f ePsf] 5 . g]b/Nof08sf] ITC cGtu{t Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation of the University of Twente sf] Postgraduate diploma (PGD) programme cGt/ut !) dlxg] tflnd - g]kfnsf] Psjif{] aL=P8= h:t}_ lnPsf pgn] cfkm" lq=lj= kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf] ;b:o ePsf] a]nfdf ;f] tflndnfO{ PdkmLn ;/xsf] xf] eGg] agfO{ ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f u/fP/ k]z u/L PdkmLnsf] ^ c+s hf]8\g nfu]sf] ljifodf klg lq=lj= ;]jf cfof]udf ph'/L k/]sf] 5 . cem /f]rs kIf s] 5 eg] lq=lj= s} csf{ k|fWofks >L/fh hf]zLn] klg ToxL+af6 ;Fu} ;f]xL sfo{qmddf k|fKt tflndsf] 8Lu|LnfO{ ;xfos 8Lg lwtfn ;d]t /x]sf] tTsfnLg lq=lj= kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|n] ;dsIftf lbg ldNb}g eg]sf] ljifo clxn] lq=lj=sf k|fWofksx¿sf] ljrdf Jofks rrf{sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .o; ljifodf clVtof/df klg ph'/L k/]sf] / clVtof/n] ;xfos 8Lg g]q lwtfnsf] z}lIfs k|df0fkq 5fglag ug{ dufpg cfb]z lbPsf]df clVtof/sf] sd{rf/Lsf] nfk/afxLn] xf] jf g]q lwtfnn] ljifofGt/0f u/fpg ;kmn ePsfn] xf] clVtof/n] 8Lg k|sfzdfg >]i7sf] ;Dk"0f{ z}lIfs k|df0fkqx¿ tLg dlxgfcl3 g} lgoGq0fdf lnPsf] 5 . ;xfos 8Lg lwtfnsf] clVtof/sf tTsfnLg sfd' ;lrj k|]d /fO{;+usf] ;DaGwn] 8Lg k|sfzdfg >]i7nfO{ km;fP/ g]q lwtfn plDsg cfk"m nfu]sf lyP eGg] rrf{ klg 8Lg sf{ofnodf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . lzIffzf:q ;+sfosf clgoldttfsf gofF tYo km]nfk/]sf 5g\ . ;xfos 8Lg g]qk|;fb lwtfnn] lkgfsn klAns]zg k|f=ln=sf] gfdaf6 cfOP;jLPg g+= (&*– ((#&–^!*–^%–^ /fvL cfkm\gf] Psn n]vg egL k]z u/]sf]] @$* k]hsf] hg;+Vof lzIffsf] l;4fGt / bz{g gfds e"uf]n lzIffsf] kf7\ok':ts egL lq=lj= ;]jf cfof]udf k]z u/]sf] k':ts klg gSsnL ePsf] v'Ng cfPsf] 5 . s'g} klg cfOP;jLPg g+= lnPsf s[ltx¿ k|sflzt ePsf] !% lbgleq lq=lj= s]Gb|Lo k':tsfnodf a'emfpg'kg{]df @)&! h]7df ;xfos 8Lg lwtfnn] lq=lj= ;]jf cfof]udf a'emfPsf] pQm s[lt cfhsf ldlt;Dd klg lq=lj= s]Gb|Lo k':tsfnodf a'emfPsf] b]lv+b}g . cfOP;jLPg g+= ln+bf ;g\ @)!$ df k]z u/]sf] k|sfzssf] 7]ufgfdf lkgfsn klAns]zg k|f= ln= afuahf/, sf7df8f}F / kmf]g g+= $@$#&!& pNn]v ePsf] / o; ljifodf lq=lj= s]Gb|Lo k':tsfnon] vf]hL ubf{ ;f] g+= ;Dks{} gx'g] gDa/ /x]sf] klg v'Ng cfPsf] 5 . o; ljifodf lkgfsn klAns]zg k|f=ln=afuahf/n] @)&! Dff3 d;fGt;Dd s/ sfof{nodf k]z u/]sf] ljj/0fdf klg lwtfnsf] Psn n]vgsf]] cfOP;jLPgcfOP;jLPgcfOP;jLPgcfOP;jLPgcfOP;jLPg g+= (&*–((#&–^!*–^%–^ sf] hg;+Vof lzIffsf] l;4fGt / bz{ghg;+Vof lzIffsf] l;4fGt / bz{ghg;+Vof lzIffsf] l;4fGt / bz{ghg;+Vof lzIffsf] l;4fGt / bz{ghg;+Vof lzIffsf] l;4fGt / bz{g gfds s[lt k|sfzg ePsf] clen]v b]lvb}g . o; ljifodf cfkm\gf] gfd gatfpg] ;t{df lkgfsn klAns]zg k|f=ln=df sfo{/t sd{rf/Ln] lbPsf] hfgsf/L cg';f/ lq=lj=;]jf cfof]usf] k|of]hgsf nflu eg]/ g]q ;/n] cfkm}n] cfOP;ljog g+= sf nflu k|sfzssf] 5fk rflxof] eg]/ dfUg'ePsf] lyof] . xfdL;+u ;f] ;DaGwL s'g} /]s{8 5}g . ‘PgLxfpsdfp’wGbfdf?kGb]xLk|x/L k|x/Lsf] y'g'jf sIfd} h'jfsf] cvf8f ;ndfg vfg !# r}t, e}/xjf . xfn clxn] ?kGb]xL k|x/L …PgL xfp wg sdfpÚ wGbdfsf] kmd"{nf k|of]u u/]sf] ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] atfPsf 5g\ . lhNnfsf] k|To]s gfsfaf6 k|x/Ln] 3'; lnP/ t:s/L u/fpg'sf ;fy} lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nodf /x]sf] y'g'jfx¿;+u klg c;'nL wGbf ;'? u/]kl5 ?kGb]xLsf lhNnfsf k|x/Lsf xflsdx¿n] …PgL xfp wg sdfpÚ kmd"{nf /fd|};+u k|of]u u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . hg;fwf/0fn] h'jf v]ln/x]sf] cj:yfdf kqmfp ug]{ ?kGb]xL k|x/Ln] cfkm} lhNnf k|x/L sfof{noleq h'jf cvf8f ;+rfng u/]sf] /x:o v'n]sf] 5 . ;|f]tn] lbPsf] hfgsf/L cg';f/, k|x/Ln] 3'; lnO{ y'g'jfx¿sf nflu lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nosf] y'g'jf sIffd} h'jf cvf8f ;+rfng ug{ lbPsf] s'/f ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 . k|x/Ln] 3'; lnP/ y'gfd} % ?k}of“ KjfOG6 tf;sf] Dofl/h v]n v]nfpg] u/]sf] a'lemPsf] 5 . o:t} lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nosf y'g'jfx¿sf nflu k|x/Lx¿n] yk ;'ljwf ;d]t lbPsf] yfxf ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs :yfg / ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df ;'lt{hGokbfy{ ;]jg ug{df k|ltaGw nufPklg lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no ?kGb]xLsf k|x/Lx¿n] Ps lvNnL r'/f]6nfO{ dfq y'g'jfx¿;+u 3'; :j?k ! ;o ?k}of“ lnP/ laqmL ljt/0f ug]{ u/]sf] y'gfdf al;;s]sf Ps JolQmn] u'gf;f] u/] . k|x/Ln] ! ;o ?k}of“df Ps lvNnL r'/f]6 t dHhfn] lbG5g\ t/ afNgsf nflu ;nfOsf] :yfgdf Pp6f cu/alQsf] l;Gsf lbG5g\ tL JolQmn] ;f“3' k|ltlglw;+u eg] em6\ x]bf{ s]xL h:tf] nfUb}g t/ lhNnf k|x/Lsf] y'g'jf sIfleq k|x/Lx¿sf] lgs} /fd|f] sdfO{ eO/x]sf] 5 . ;|f]tsf cg';f/, y'g'jfx¿sf nflu r'/f]6, ;'lt{, tf; nufot ljleGgsf b//]6 g} sfod u/L lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nosf k|x/Lx¿n] cltl/Qm sdfO{ ul//x]sf 5g\ . lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no cyf{t lhNnfsf k|x/L k|d'v P;kL, 8LP;kL nufot clws[tx¿sf] /xg] u/]klg lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no leq} v'Nndv'Nnf h'jfsf] cvf8f ;+rfng /xg'sf] /x:o a'lemg;Sg'ePsf] 5 . gful/ssf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf nflu vl6Psf k|x/Lx¿ sdfp wGbfdf nfu]kl5 ?kGb]xLdf ck/flws ultljlw klg a9]sf] ?kGb]xLjf;L atfp“5g\ . ?kGb]xLsf] dr{jf/ If]qsf Ps afns / e}/xjfsf Pshgf o'jf ckx/0f u/]/ ckx/0fsf/Ln] xTof u/]kl5 ?kGb]xLsf k|x/Lx¿ gful/snfO{ zflGt ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{ sfo{df c;kmn /x]sf] ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] a'lemPsf] 5 . ab\gfd OG:k]S6/x¿nfO{ km]l/ klg ‘dfn’ sdfpg] c8\8f ;f“3' ;+jfbbftf sf7df8f}+ . g]kfn k|x/Ldf 3'; c;'nLdf abgfd ePsfx¿nfO{ g} cfsif{s sfof{nodf ;?jf ul/Psf] b[i6fGt @)&! r}t # ut] ePsf] ! ;o $) k|x/L lg/LIfssf] ;?jfn] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . rqm] ldngsf ;xof]uLx¿;“u xKtfjf/L 3'; p7fpb}cfPsf a'9fgLns07 k|x/L k|efudf sfo{/t xf]daxfb'/ k/fh'nLnfO{ e|i6frf/LnfO{ sf/afxL ug]{ lgsfo clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf ;?jf ul/Psf] 5 . a'9fgLns07 IF]qdf hUuf Knl6ª ug{] Aoj;foLx¿nfO{ b'Mv lbg] rqm]sf ;xof]uL lj?4 Joj;foLn] ph'/L ubf{ 3''; vfP/ u'08fs} kIf lng] u/]sf] cf/f]k nfu]sf k/fh'nLnfO{ clVtof/df ;?jf ul/Psf] 5 . afnfh', ;f]x|v'§], :joDe', latf{df]8, wg'iffsf] 9Ns]j/ k|x/L o'lg6sf] OGrfh{ eO{ cs't ;Dklt cfh{g ug{ ;kmn ;'/]Gb| l;6f}nfnfO{ dxf/fhu+h j[Qdf d'2f kmf“6 x]g]{u/L ;?jf ul/Psf] 5 . pgsf] dl08vf6f/l:yt 3/ b]v]/ jfl/k§L 3/ ePsf PcfOhL /fh]Gb|l;+x e08f/L g} lha|f] 6f]Sg afWo x'g] u/]sf] a'lemPsf] 5 . …OG:k]S6/s} olt 7"nf] 3/Ú eg]/ pgn] eGg] u/]sf] pgnfO{ pw[t ub{} Ps k|x/Ln] ;f“3'nfO{ atfP . k"j{ cfOhLkL s'j]/l;+x /f0ffsf] kLP a;]kl5 k'/:s[t eP/ kf]v/fsf] cfsif{s dflgg] j8f k|x/L sfof{{nodf ;?jf eP/ abgfd ;'Gb/ ltjf/LnfO{ ljz]if Jo"/f]df NofOPsf] 5 . a}bfddf x'“bf pgn] ;fgf s];df ;O{ kl/rfng ug{] / 7"nf s]zdf cfkm} l8n u/L 3'; lng]u/]sf] cf/f]k 5 . k|x/L c:ktfnsf] k|aGwdf sfhdf sfo{/t csf{ abgfd OGk]S6/ zDe' kf]v/]nn] b/aGbL g} sfod u/fpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . pgsf] b/aGbL ;nf{xLsf] xl/k'/df lyof] . sNof0fdf x'“bf ;fdfg vl/b ubf{ sldzg vfPsf] eg]/ cfnf]lrt pgL c;O{, ;O{ x'“bf n]vfkfn eP/ ;Dklt hf]8\g ;kmn OG:k]S6/sf ?kdf lrlgG5g\ . c;O{b]lv g} hlxn] klg cfsif{s 7fp“df ;?jf ePsf z]/axfb'/ rGbnfO{ csf{] cfsif{s xl/jg Onfsf k|x/L sfof{nodf ;?jf ul/Psf] 5 . OG:k]S6/ z]/axfb'/n] k"j{ cfOhLkL /d]zrGb 7s'/Lsf] s[kfn] ;f9] # aif{ kf]v/fsf] a}bfddf k|d'v x'“bf b'O{ s/f]8eGbf a9L wg cfh{g u/]sf] pgsf ;dsfnLgx¿ atfp“5g\ . kf]v/fsf] a}bfdaf6 6«flkmsdf ;?jf ePkl5 nlntk'/ 6«flkms k|d'v / dxfzfvfdf klg /fd|f] lhDd]jf/L ePsf rGb ;O{ x'“bf nugv]n k|efu nufotsf cfsif{s sfof{nodf OGrfh{ x'g] efUodfgL x'g\ . pgsf] w'Daf/fxLdf ;f“9] tLg s/f]8 kg{] a+unf ;O{ x'“bf g} tof/ ePsf] k|x/L ;|f]t atfp“5 . 6«flkmssf] af}4 kf]i6 OGrfh{, kj{t lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nosf] d'2f kmf“6df a;L ab\gfd Zofd' cof{nnfO{ clVtof/ k|d'v nf]sdfgl;+x sfsL{sf a8Luf8{ bfgaxfb'/ yfkfsf] eg;'gdf sf:sL 6«flkmssf] k|d'vdf ;?jf ul/Psf] 5 . k|wfgdGqLsf] ;'/Iffdf /x]sf ;Togf/fo0f yfkfnfO{ gf/fo0fu9 j8f k|x/L sfof{no h:tf] cfsif{s sfof{nosf] OGrfh{df ;?jf ul/Psf] 5 . bds Ok|sfdf 8LP;kL /lj kf}8]nn] k};f p7fpg kl/rfng u/]sf ;Gt'nfn k|;fb h};jfnnfO{ /f}tx6sf] u?8fahf/ Onfsf k|x/L sfof{nodf v6fOPsf] 5 . kf}8]nn] PcfOhL ;'/]Gb| zfxnfO{ eg;'g u/L h};jfnnfO{ t:s/Lsf] gfsf u?8fdf ;?jf u/fPsf] atfOG5 . P;kL 7fs'/ 1jfnLsf ljZjf;kfq ?k]z t08"sf/ ko{6s k|x/L e[s'6Ld08kdf ;?jf ePsf 5g\ . sd{rf/L k|zf;g zfvfdf pgnfO{ P;kL 1jfnLn] NofPsf lyP . t08'sf/ P;kL 1jfnL dfq xf]Og, 1jfnL, a;Gt nfdf / /ljGb| /]UdLsf] sfo{sfndf pgL sk|d} a;]sf lyP . hflu/ cjlwe/ n]vfkfn eO{ ;Dklt cfh{g ug{] / dlxnfnfO{ of}gb'Jo{jxf/ ubf{ hxf“ klg ljjfbdf k/L k};f ltb{} plDsPsf /fh]z/fh /fO{nfO{ k|aGw zfvfsf] v'b|f vl/bd} sld;g vfg b/aGbL sfod ul/Psf] 5 . sk|df k};f p7fP/ abgfd /d]z ;'j]bLnfO{ Ok|sf uf}zfnf dxf]Q/Laf6 l;+xb/af/ j[Qsf] d'2f kmf“6 lbg]u/L NofOPsf] 5 . ;O{ x'“bfb]lv g} k"j{ cfOhLkL ZofdeQm yfkf / pgsf lgs6 ;'/]z 9'+ufgfsf] s[kfn] sk|df a;]sf ;'j]bL cfocfh{gdf dflx/ dflgG5g\ . clVtof/sf cfo'Qm s]zj a/fnsf kLP a;]sf /ljGb|/fh kf08]nfO{ cfsif{s dflgg] a'9fgLns07 k|efusf] k|d'vdf ;?jf ul/Psf] 5 . sf7df8f} kl/;/df x'“bf d'2fdf a;]sf / c;'Ngdf dflx/ ofbj 9sfn b/af/dfu{df x'“bf klg c;'nLdf d'l5Psf lyP . sfs8le§f Ok|sf, alb{af; Ok|sf x'“b} kl5Nnf] k6s Ps]8]dL b/aGbL ePklg eQmk'/ d'2fdf sfo{/t 9sfnnfO{ k'gM sf7df8f}+ kl/;/d} ;?jf ul/Psf] 5 . k"j{cfOhLkL s'j]/ /fgf;“u hghfltsf] ;fOgf] nufP/ hg;]jf k|x/L j[Qsf] OGrfh{ ePsf dLdaxfb'/ nfdf ^ dlxgfdf hg;]jfdf 8LP;kLsf] b/aGbL sfod ePkl5 k;f{ 6«flkms k|d'vdf ;?jf ePsf lyP . ^ dlxgf klg k;f{df l6Sg g;sL pgL ;'/Iff lgb{]zgfnodf sfh tf]lsPtf klg dfgj ;|f]t ljefusf] egf{ 5gf}6df sfo{/t lyP . pgsf] b/aGbL ToxL+“ sfod ul/Psf] 5 . h'g sfof{nodf uPklg sdf08 ug{ g;Sg] dfwj/fh v/]n e08f/f lrtjgsf] OGrfh{df ;?jf ePsf 5g\ . pgL Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no 6f“8L / 6«flkmsdf sfd ug{ g;s]sf eg]/ 5f]6f] ;dod} ;?jf ePsf lyP . ck/fw cg';Gwfg dxfzfvf / gfu9'+ufdf nfdf] ;do a;]sf dx]z a:g]t ljz]if Jo"/f] klg al;;s]sf x'g\ / pgnfO{ ljz]if Jo"/f]af6 ;LcfO{aLdf ;?jf ul/Psf] 5 . /fk|kfsf k"j{dGqL k|]daxfb'/ e08f/Lsf alxgLHjf“O{+ a:g]t cfsif{s sfof{nod} ;?jf x'g] efUodfgL OG:k]S6/sf ?kdf lrlgG5g\ . Pdfcf]jfbL g]tf s[i0faxfb'/ dx/f / k"j{ 8LcfOhL e/t hL;Lsf] s[kfn] gf/fo0fu9 j8f k|x/Ldf uP/ cfkm\gf] lax]sf] gfddf %) nfveGbf a9L p7fPsf] cf/f]k nfu]sf dbglht dx/f k|wfgdGqLsf] ;'/Iffdf vl6Psf 5g\ . pgn] gf/fo0fu9 j8f k|x/Ldf cGwfw'Gb k};f p7fPsf] /f]on u]i6xfp;sf ;+rfns gf/fo0f k/fh'nL g} pgL ;?jf ePkl5 ljleGg 7fp“df rrf{ ub{} lx8\g] u/]sf] a'lemPsf] 5 . hflu/sf] tLgrf}yfO{ ;do ck/fw cg';Gwfg dxfzfvfdf / ljz]if 6f]nLdf o"lgkmd{ gnufO{ latfPsf ljZj sfsL{ clVtof/d} b/aGbL sfod u/fpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . dxf/fhu+hsf] rfnrngsf] k|d'v ;d]t eO;s]sf sfsL{ ljb]zaf6 cfPkl5 aflx/ vl6g'kg{]df b/aGbL l;Gw'nL b]vfO{ clVtof/d} sfo{/t lyP . /, of] ;?jfdf clVtof/d} b/aGbL sfod u/fpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . cfOhLkL lgjf;, yfgsf]6, Ok|sf afx|la;]h:tf cfsif{s 7fp“df dfq a:b} cfPsf lji0f' nfld5fg] klg clVtof/df vl6Psf 5g\ . sfe|]df sfo{/t nfld5fg]sf] P;kL k'hf l;+x;“u åGå a9]kl5 clVtof/df ;?jf ePsf lyP . clxn] b/aGbL sfod u/fPsf 5g\ . clVtof/df sfo{/t jL/]Gb| uf]bf/n] s[lif ;fdfu|L s]Gb| lnld6]8sf k|aGw ;+rfns cd//fh v}/sf] cs"t ;DklQsf] d'2fdf cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] e"ldsf kfPsf lyP . Tof] d'2fdf pgn] u8a8 u/]sf] yfxf kfPkl5 pgnfO{ k|x/L x]8Sjf6{/ lkmtf{ k7fOPsf] lyof] . clVtof/n] lkmtf{ k7fPsf uf]bf/nfO{ k[/:s[t u/L a}bfd j8f k|x/L sfof{nodf ;?jf ul/Psf] 5 . @)&@ df3df pd]/xbn] cjsfz kfpg nfu]sf ab|L >]i7nfO{ klg OGrfh{ lbOPsf] 5 . pgL afudtL u'Nd kgf}tLsf] OGrfh{df ;?jf ePsf 5g\ . cjsfz x'g nfu]sfnfO{ OGrfh{ glbg] gLlt ljk/Lt pgnfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . utaif{ clVtof/df ;?jf eP klg c:jLs[t ePsf k|]d/fh hf]zL cfsif{s Ok|sf u}8fsf]6 ;?jf ePsf 5g\ . 6«flkms dxfzfvfsf nfO;]G;b]lv ;a} o'lg6 OGrfh{ eO;s]sf OG:k]S6/ hf]zLsf] ;DklQ b]v]/ pgsf ;dsfnLgx¿ g} lha|f] 6f]Sg] ub{5g\ . pgsf tLgj6f uf8L t 7d]ndf /ftf] Kn]6 nufP/ ef8fdf ;~rflnt /x]sf] atfOG5 . To;sf cnfjf aQL;k'tnLdf s/f]8f}+sf] dxn >LdtLsf] gfddf 5 eg] 5f]/f5f]/L dx+uf :s"ndf k9\5g\ / z]o/ / hUufdf klg pgsf] plQs} sf/f]af/ /x]sf] atfOG5 . k"jf{~rnsf 8LcfOhL dfwj hf]zLsf sfsfsf 5f]/f ePs} sf/0f pgs} l;kmfl/;df k|]d/fhn] u}+8fsf]6 h:tf] cfsif{s o'lg6sf] OGrfh{ kfPsf] atfOG5 . h'jf / of}gwGbf a9L x'g] ePsfn] sdfO{s} nflu k|]d/fhn] u}8fsf]6 /f]h]sf] atfOG5 . ;“w} cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f, cfly{s k|zf;g dxfzfvf / ah]6df 3'Db} lkmb{} cfPsf b]jaxfb'/ s'“j/ /f]Nkf b/aGbL agfP/ klg cfly{s k|zf;gd} sfo{/t lyP . clxn] k'gM cfly{s k|zf;gd} b/aGbL sfod ul/Psf] 5 . ;dfh sNof0fdf kl/ifb\df clVtof/ kz'klt ljsf; sf]ifnfO{ klg pl5Gg] e|i6frf/ ;f“3' ;+jfbbftf -lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nosf] y'g'jf sIfd} h'jf -tf;_ v]Nb} u/]sf y'g'jfx¿ ._ sf7df8f}+ . ;dfhsNof0f kl/ifb\sf] g]t[Tjaf6 ePsf clgoldttfsf yk tYox¿ km]nf k/]sf 5g\ . k"j{ ;dfhsNof0f dGqL ;j{b]j cf]emfsf] ;dodf @)^^ ;fndf lgnDagdf k/]sf lgb{]zs dbg l/dfn ^ dlxgfcl3 pd]/xbn] cjsfz kfO;s]kl5 klg 7"nf] gh/fgf r9fP/ b'O{ aif{sf] s/f/sf] Dofb yk u/fpg ;kmn ePsf] s'/f phfu/ eO;s]sf] 5 . s/f/sf] Dofb yKbf kl/ifb\sf] lgodfjnL cg';f/–…kl/ifb\sf] s'g} ljz]if1 sd{rf/L cjsfz k|fKt ubf{ lghsf] sfo{ ;DxfNg] kl/ifb\df csf{] s'g} pko'Qm sd{rf/L gePdf s/f/df lgo'lQm ug{ ;lsG5Ú eGg] Joj:yf 5 . t/, l/dfn To:tf] s'g} ljz]if1tf /x]sf] JolQm xf]Ogg\ . kl/ifb\df lgb]{zssf] sfo{ ;DxfNg] JolQm c? 5g\ . lgnDag ug{] kl/ifb\sf] lg0f{onfO{ nTofO{ ljjflbt JolQmnfO{ k'gM @ aif{sf] Dofb yk u/]sfn] ;b:o ;lrj ofbjnfO{ sf/afxL ug{ clVtof/;“u dfu ul/Psf] 5 . clgoldttf ug]{ tl/sf l;sfpg] ePsf sf/0f pgsf] s/f/ yk ul/Psf] pNn]v 5 . ;b:o ;lrj ofbjn] kl/ifb\df sf]iffWoIfnfO{ lgodfjnL ljk/Lt tna eQfsf cnfjf b'O{j6f uf8L, b'O{ 8«fOe/ / k|ltdlxgf @ ;o ln6/ k]6«f]n lbOPsf] 5 . sf]iffWoIf dlxgfsf] !% lbg klg kl/ifb\df cfp“b}gg\ / pgn] dlxgf gs6L x/]s dlxgfsf] !% b]lv @) ut]leq} tna a'em\g] u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf] clgoldttf ubf{ klg sf/afxL gx'g'n] clVtof/n] tna l;6 / cGo sfuhftx¿ lemsfO{ ;'ljwf lbg] ;b:o ;lrj /ljGb|s'df/ ofbj / lng] sf]iffWoIfnfO{ sf/afxL ug{ dfu ul/Psf] 5 . cl3Nnf sfo{;+rfng ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ k|ltdlxgf ? #) xhf/ lbO{ ;+:yfsf] ;DklQ b'?kof]u u/]sf]df klg clVtof/n] sf/afxL ug{'k5{ eGg] dfu sd{rf/Lsf] 5 . pkfWoIf, sf]iffWoIf / ;b:o ;lrjn] $ aif{sf] cjlwdf kl/ifb\nfO{ b'x'gf] ufO{ agfpg' l;jfo s'g} /rgfTds sfo{ gu/]sf] ph'/Ldf pNn]v 5 . kbflwsf/Lsf] sfd h;/L x'G5 k};f sdfpg] afx]s c? s]xL gb]lvPsf] / sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ Ps ljefuaf6 csf]{] ljefudf ;?jf gu/L kbflwsf/Lsf] sfo{sfn laTg nfu]sf] pNn]v 5 . cfsif{s ljefudf cfkm\g} cf;]kf;]nfO{ /flvPsf] 5 . s'g}klg ;+u7gdf ;+:yfk|d'vn] ;do ;dodf sd{rf/Lsf] ldl6ª u/L, sd{rf/Laf6 ;'emfj lnO{ sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ k|0ffnL 5 . t/ ;b:o;lrj ofbjn] slxNo} ;'emfj lng] sfd gu/]sf] a'lemPsf] 5 . sd{rf/Lsf] ldl6ª ubf{ cfkm\gf] e|i6frf/sf] kf]n v'N5 eg]/ gu/]sf] cf/f]k klg pgLdfly nfu]sf] 5 . ofbjn] r'gfjsf] ;dodf cfkm\gf bfh' dx]Gb| ofbjnfO{ lhtfpg ;nf{xLdf bft[;+:yfaf6 s/f]8f}+ ?k}of lnO{ e|i6frf/ u/]sf] cf/f]k klg ph'/Ldf nufOPsf] 5 . ;b:o ;lrj ofbjn] k"j{ dlxnfdGqL Cl4afaf k|wfgsf] sfo{sfndf sof}+k6s kl/ifb\ cGtu{t / /fli6«o ckfË sf]ifdf ;efkltsf nflu lgt]z u'KtfnfO{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf lyP . k"j{dGqL k|wfgn] ;Ifd JolQmnfO{ lgo'Qm u/f}+ h;n] ckfË sf]ifsf] ljsf;sf nflu sfd u/f];\ elgg\ . t/ ofbjn] hah{:tL lgt]z u'KtfnfO{ g} ;efklt agfP . ha gof“ ;dfhsNof0f dGqL cfP pgn] u'KtfnfO{ lgo'lQm u/] . xfn sf]ifdf u'Ktfn] Pskl5 csf{] clgoldttf u/]sf] tYo ;f“3'nfO{ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . u'Ktfn] lgo'lQm x'g]lalQs} # aif{sf] tna Ps}k6s ;fk6Lsf ?kdf lnO;s]sf 5g\ . ckfË sf]ifdf sfo{/t lk|o+sf zdf{, sd{rf/L t'n;f s];L / lbKtLgfy sf]O/fnfnfO{ lagfs;'/ x6fO{ ;b:o ;lrj ofbjsf cf7hgf dfG5] etL{ u/]sf 5g\ . sf]ifsf tTsfnLg ;b:o;lrj t'n;L af:sf]6fsf] k|of;df zflGt dGqfnoaf6 ckfË, åGåkLl8t / c;xfosf nflu % s/f]8 ?k}of“ ;xof]u cfPsf] lyof] . pQm /sdaf6 ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ x\jLnr]o/ nufotsf cGo ;'ljwf lbg'kg{]df lbOPsf] 5}g . ;efklt u'Ktf ljleGg lhNnfdf e|d0f ug{ xjfO{hxfhdf uPsf] egL l6s6 k]z u/L /sd lng] u/]sfn] 5fgljg ug{ ph'/Ldf dfu ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L ljleGg lhNnfdf sf]cl8{g]6/ egf{ u/]sf] elg lan ef}r/ b]vfO{ clgoldttf ul/Psf] 5 . s'g}klg sfd ubf{ sf]ifsf] ;+rfns ;ldltaf6 lg0f{o u/fO{ lgodk"j{s ug'{kb{5 . ;f] gu/L u'Ktfn] cfkm"n] dgk/L lg0f{o ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . sd{rf/Ln] lgod ldn]g eg]df hflu/ vfOlbG5' eGg] u/]sf 5g\ . d}n] dGqLsf] cfb]z adf]lhd u/]sf] x'“ egL sd{rf/LnfO{ wfswDsL nufp“b} cfPsf 5g\ . ckfË sf]ifdf sd{rf/Lx¿ u'Ktfaf6 ql;t 5g\ . /ljGb| ofbjn] cfkm\gf] lhNnf ;nf{xLdf /fhgLlt ug{sf nflu sf]ifsf] ;DklQ u'Ktfdfkm{t\ clgoldttf u/]sf] a'lemPsf] 5 . oxL sf/0fn] ofbjn] u'KtfnfO{ ;efklt agfPsf] s'/f clxn] v'nf;f ePsf] 5 . ckfË sf]ifsf] clgoldttfaf/] kmfOn lemsfO{ sf/afxL ug{ clVtof/ ;dIf dfu ul/Psf] 5 . of] cfly{s aif{sf] k]6«f]n jfktsf] /sd, eQf jfktsf] /sd s]xL dlxgf cufl8 g} ;lsO;s]sf] 5 . ;b:o ;lrj ofbjn] af]8{ ;b:ox¿, sfo{;+rfng ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿ / s]xL sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ kmgkfs{sf] ;Demf}tf, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ u/]sf] xf] eGb} em'6f] ljj/0f lbg] u/]sf 5g\ . kl/ifb\sf hUufx¿ h:t} a'9flgns07, e[s'6Ld08k, blwsf]6, afg]Zj/ cflb :yfgsf hUufx¿ af]nkq u/L lnhdf lbOPsf] xf], dnfO{ clVtof/n] 5'g klg ;Sb}g eGb}cfPsf 5g\ . clVtof/n] oL ;a} kmfOn lemsfO{ cWoog ug'{kg{] ph'/Ldf pNn]v 5 . ;b:o ;lrj ofbj sfo{sf/L ;ldltsf] a}7s / af]8{sf] a}7sdf cfkm\gf] cg's"nsf] sfd u/fpg ;kmn x'“b} cfPsf 5g\ . lg0f{o x'G5 Pp6f, dfOGo'6df cs{} n]lvG5, Ps af]8{ ;b:on] eg]–… em'SofP/ dGqLnfO{ ;xL u/fp“5g\ / eG5g\ of] ;a} dGqLsf] lg0f{o xf] .Ú ofbj lgs6sf ;b:ox¿af6 /fo cfPg eg] pgLx¿nfO{ af]nfO{ tkfO{x¿sf] /fo d RofltlbG5' eGg] ;d]tsf] wDsL lbg] u/]sf 5g\ . k"j{dGqL ab|L Gof}kfg]sf] ;dodf sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/df k|]dl;+x wfdL / hub]j rf}w/LnfO{ /flvPsf] lyof] . Gof}kfg] x6\gf;fy wfdLnfO{ x6fO{ hub]j rf}w/LnfO{ cfkm\gf] legfh' ePsfn]] Dofb yKb} uPsf] atfOG5 . clxn]sf dGqLn] legfh'sf] Dofb gyk]sfn] ofbj ljlIfKth:t} ePsf 5g\ . ;b:o ;lrj ofbjn] kl/ifb\sf k"j{ sfo{;+rfng ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ sl/a ? !) nfv k|ltJolQm k|ltdlxgf #) xhf/sf b/n] lbPsfn] of] sfg'g;Ddt gePsfn] sf/jfxL ul/of];\, ph'/Ldf elgPsf] 5–…clVtof/af6 @)&! kmfu'g ^ ut] / To;kl5 5fkfdf/L clgoldt sfd u/]sf kmfOnx¿ lnP/ uPsf] b]Vbf Hofb} v';L nfu]sf] 5 . clVtof/n] cjZo klg kz'klt ljsf; sf]ifdf clgoldttf ug{]nfO{ sf/afxL u/]h:t} kl/ifb\df klg clgoldttf ug{]dfly sf/jfxL x'G5 eGg] ck]Iff u/]sf 5f}+ .Ú w]/} ;ldltx¿ u7g eP, ;'emfjx¿ lbP . k|To]s ;ldltn] @÷@ nfv kfl/>lds lnP . t/, ;b:o ;lrjn] tL s'g} ;'emfj klg nfu" u/]gg\ . o;cl3 ljb]z hf“bf / o;k6s klg sf7df8f}+ aflx/ hf“bf cWoIfaf6 :jLs[t u/fpg'kg{]df cfkm\gf] e|d0f cf“km}+ :jLs[t u/L hfg] u/]sf 5g\ / pkfWoIf / sf]iffWoIfsf] klg lagf :jLs[lt e|d0f ;b:o;lrjn] g} ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . of] ;/f;/ lgod lj?4 5 ph'/Ldf pNn]v 5 . ;b:o ;lrj /ljGb|s'df/ ofbj rflxof] eg]/ dfUg'ePsf] lyof] . xfdL;+u ;f] ;DaGwL s'g} /]s{85}g . lgod lj?45 ph'/Ldf pNn]v 5 .